Can I use Rare Candy on a Pokémon that was devolved on that same turn (i.e. Devolution Spray, Hyper Devolution Spray, etc.)?
No, you cannot. A Pokemon must be in play since the beginning of the turn in which you are using Rare Candy. A devolved Pokemon counts as just coming into play.
Source: PUI Rules Team (2004-06-03), PUI Rules Team (2004-06-09)

Relevant cards

Note: All applicable cards may not be listed below.
BW10_105
BW10_85
BW5_100
DP4_102
EX13_90
EX2_88
EX9_83
HGSS2_82
POP5_7
POP8_10
SM1_129
SM2_165
SM7_142
SWSH1_180
SWSH1_180
XY5_135