Does Rare Candy override evolution-preventing effects such as Fossil Aerodactyl's "Prehistoric Power"?
Yes, you can use Rare Candy when Aerodactyl's Prehistoric Power is in play.
Source: PUI Rules Team (2003-09-18), PUI Rules Team (2004-07-22)

Relevant cards

Note: All applicable cards may not be listed below.
BW10_105
BW10_85
BW5_100
DP4_102
EX13_90
EX2_88
EX9_83
HGSS2_82
POP5_7
POP8_10
SM1_129
SM2_165
SM7_142
SWSH1_180
SWSH1_180
XY5_135