If I use Single Strike Style Mustard to put Duraludon VMAX directly onto my bench, can I later use Cheryl to remove damage counters from it despite it not having evolved into the VMAX?
Yes, it is still an "Evolution Pokemon" since it has an Evolution box printed on it. It would not be an "Evolved Pokemon" but that is not what Cheryl requires.
Source: TPCi Rules Team (2022-06-02)

Relevant cards

Note: All applicable cards may not be listed below.
SWSH5_132
SWSH5_132
SWSH5_123
SWSH5_123