If I use Single Strike Style Mustard to put Duraludon VMAX directly onto my bench, can I later use Cheryl to remove damage counters from it despite it not having evolved into the VMAX?
Yes, it is still an "Evolution Pokemon" since it has an Evolution box printed on it. It would not be an "Evolved Pokemon" but that is not what Cheryl requires.
Source: TPCi Rules Team (2022-06-02)
When I play Cheryl, can I choose not to heal one of my Pokemon that only has a few damage counters on it so I can avoid discarding the Energy attached to it?
No, there is no choice. All of your Evolution Pokemon that have any damage counters on them will be healed and have to discard their energy when you play Cheryl.
Source: Battle Styles FAQ; TPCi Rules Team (2021-03-18)